detailed information and advice specifically aimed at family historians interested in fleshing out their Native American family tree through DNA testing. Included are step-by-step instructions, with illustrations, on how to use DNA testing at the four major DNA testing companies to further your genealogy and confirm or identify your Native American ancestors. Among the many other topics covered are the following: Tribes in the United States and First Nations in Canada; Ethnicity; Chromosome painting; Population Genetics and how ethnicity is assigned; Genetic groups and communities; Y DNA paternal direct line male testing for you and your family members; Mitochondrial DNA maternal direct line testing for you and your family members; Autosomal DNA matching and ethnicity comparisons; Creating a DNA pedigree chart; Native American haplogroups, by region and tribe; Ancient and contemporary Native American DNA.