3The Airman Certification Standard (ACS) is the guide for aviation students, instructors, and FAA-designated examiners to know what pilot and industry license applicants must know, do, and consider for their FAA Knowledge Exam and practical (checkride), in order to earn a certificate or rating. This is the revised edition (FAA-S-ACS-8B) of the ACS (effective June 11, 2018), which replaced the previous FAA Practical Test Standards (PTS) in the last couple of years. It adds task-specific knowledge and risk management elements to each PTS "Area of Operation" and "Task." The result is a presentation that integrates the standards for passing both the FAA Knowledge Exams and the FAA Oral and Practical Exams in a way that coordinates the study and learning for both, making them relevant to each other. This Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Instrument Rating--Airplane ACS provides the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for private pilot certification in the airplane category, single-engine land and sea, as well as multi-engine land and sea classes (ASEL, ASES, AMEL, AMES). This ACS incorporates and supersedes the previous ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8A).